"Universal moral principles," he asserts, "cannot be applied to the actions of states in their abstract universal formulation, but …they must be filtered through the concrete circumstances of time and place" (9).
Nonetheless, this derivation of the universal law formulation from the Humanity formulation seems to require a substantive, synthetic claim, namely, that Humanity is indeed absolutely valuable.
Universal prediction formulation can be summarised as: Let (mathbb {M}) be an indexed set of arbitrary predictors.
Thus, the universal law formulation generates a duty to φ if and only if the Humanity formula generates a duty to φ, (and so on for the other formulations).
The HEC "universal" placebo gel formulation (HEC placebo) [ 16, 17], currently being used extensively in microbicide trials [ 18], was used as a vehicle to which compatible excipients were added for tests in the susceptibility model.
Excipients commonly used in topical products were formulated in a non-toxic vehicle (the "HEC universal placebo"), or other formulations as specified.
Its timeless formulation of universal rights evaded altogether the question of slavery, as Dr. Johnson might have predicted.
Mathematical formulation is universal but physical consequences can be different.
The second formulation is universal prediction, where no specific assumptions are made about how the observed series is generated1.
But, as commentators have long noticed (see, e.g., Hill, 1992), it is not clear what the link is between the claim that rational autonomous wills conform themselves to whatever universally valid laws require, and the more substantial and controversial claim that you should evaluate your maxims in the ways implied by the universal law of nature formulation.
