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However, if the diagnostic test is imperfect, i.e. Se and Sp are less than unity, Se and Sp will influence classification of animals and potentially impact on estimable variance components and inferences drawn from the data.
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Even if an army were to always march in perfect step, it would still not be a unity per se, and thus would not be "truly one being either" (G II 76/AG 76/AG
Leibniz told Des Bosses that the only way for a corporeal substance to be a per se unity would be through one of these substantial bonds.
This implies that a corporeal substance is not a substance strictly speaking because it does not possess per se unity.
For even though they signify composites, they signify beings with a real, per se unity that properly belongs to the category of substance.
A different trend is reported for the true genetic correlation, which will have been underestimated, if Sp is less than unity; whereas if Se is less than perfect then true genetic correlation will have been overestimated.
A number of texts suggest that neither bodies nor animals are true unities, and only a true unity (an unum per se) can qualify as a substance, strictly speaking.
If the diagnostic test is perfect, both Se and Sp are equal to unity.
If both Se and Sp are less than unity, the true phenotypic correlation will have been slightly underestimated.
Genetic parameters for infection status, bacteria negative SCS, and bacteria positive SCS are potentially affected by imperfect Sp and Se, which were both implicitly assumed to be unity in the variance component estimation analyses.
The distinction that Leibniz draws is one between a real unity and a phenomenal unity, or as he also puts it, between a unum per se and a unum per aggregationem.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com