Sentence examples for units of generation from inspiring English sources

The coalescence rates correspond to the entries of the last column of the rate matrix G when time is measured in units of generation length.

The breeding schemes were compared for rates of inbreeding per generation (ΔF) and genetic gain (ΔG), expressed in genetic standard deviation units of generation G0 (σ a ) in generation G10.

The breeding schemes were compared for the genetic level (G, expressed in genetic standard deviation units of generation Gen0 (σa)), genetic gain (ΔG), accuracy of selection (acc), genetic variance, and level and rate of inbreeding (ΔF).

The breeding schemes were compared for the accuracy of selection of the SIB_TRAIT (acc SIB_TRAIT ), rate of inbreeding per generation (ΔF) and genetic gain of the SIB_TRAIT (ΔG SIB_TRAIT ) and GROWTH (ΔG GROWTH ), expressed in genetic standard deviation units of generation G0 (σ a )) in generation G5.

To convert T into units of generations and years we multiplied by the effective population size (Ne) summed over all populations, and a generation time of two years.

Time is measured in units of generations.

All times and rates in rescaled time units are denoted by Greek letters, while we use Arabic letters for times and rates in units of generations.

Finally, if the evolutionary rate is expressed in units of mutations per site per generation then the resulting tree will be in units of generations and the population parameter of the demographic model will be in natural units (i.e. will be equal to the effective number of reproducing individuals, N e ).

In units of generations, the mean time between clicks is given by T c l i c k ≈ 2.5 ζ s N s e − λ e N s α e − λ, (33 where ζ is determined by Equation 13 and the factor 2.5 is introduced to approximate the part of the prefactor that is independent of N, s, or λ.

With all branches calibrated in units of generations (see Materials and Methods), we tested whether a neutral model could explain the data by contrasting the polymorphism level generated under neutrality and a similar model with rate parameters estimated from the data (forward rate = 6.89 × 10−, and backward rate = 4.00 × 10−).

The approximate time since expansion can be estimated by the formula t = τ/2u [ 37]; t = time in years, τ = peak number of mismatches accumulated in mutational time since expansion where this time is measured in units of generations divided by 2 u, and u = mutation rate per nucleotide site per generation multiplied by the number of nucleotides compared (in this case 1262 bp for G. a. allenbyi).