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Exact(29)
And transaction costs are lower than stocks for a given unit of exposure.Moreover, exchanges are slowly but surely wresting market share away from the much bigger over-the-counter (off-exchange) derivatives markets.
In these cases, vulnerability refers to a particular group or social unit of exposure and especially to the structures and institutions economic, political and social that govern human lives (Vincent 2004).
Whereas the IRR answers which of the two groups being compared had a higher incidence of injury per unit of exposure, the IPR answers in which of the two groups being compared does a specific injury comprise a greater percentage of all injuries (Comstock & Fields 2010).
We used dam as the unit of exposure (reported findings as dam means) for all analyses.
In quantitative risk assessment (QRA), exposure response relations are defined in quantitative terms (i.e., risk per unit of exposure).
The resultant regression coefficients were transformed so that they represent differences in means as a percentage per unit of exposure.
Similar(31)
In the Krakow cohort, prenatal exposure to PAHs was significantly associated with reduced birth weight (β = −0.020, p < 0.01; weight decrement = 68.75 g/ln-unit of exposure), birth length (β = −0.009, p < 0.01; length decrement = 0.48 cm/ln-unit), and birth head circumference (β = −0.006, p = 0.01; head circumference decrement = 0.21 cm/ln-unit) (Table 2).
Median units of exposure were calculated since alcohol is not normally distributed.
In the article by Colbert et al. [ Environ Health Perspect 113:700–707 (2005)], the authors discovered an error in the units of exposure estimates in the tenth paragraph of the "Discussion".
Overall, these results are inconsistent, which may be attributable, in part, to different units of exposure measures, variations in sample sizes, and differences in smoking status and anti-HTN drug use.
For example, at q <10%, we found factors related to T2D such as γ-tocopherol, a type of vitamin E (q = 1%), Heptachlor Epoxide, a pesticide (q = 6%) with effect sizes of 1.4 and 1.8, respectively, for a change in 1 SD in logged units of exposure level.
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