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Small deletions occur readily in stickleback, at a rate of about 1 deletion/kb per unit of divergence.
This rate of deletion is about three times higher than the rate in humans (∼0.3 deletion/kb per unit of divergence), suggesting that nLTR-RT sequences are much less stable in fish than in humans.
The fraction of elements deleted through the accumulation of small deletions is ∼0.6% per unit of divergence, meaning that an element with a 10% divergence from consensus will have, on average, lost only 6% of its length (fig. 8 B ).
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However, in full-length proteins and in loops, there is a more pronounced local maximum of density at about five insertions/deletions per unit of sequence divergence per unit of alignment length (fig. 3).
For a short initial phase of 5 time units, the rate of divergence follows a power law.
Rates were calculated as events per unit of time using divergence times of primate species as given in [28], [29] and as events per unit of dS distance.
With these data, we compared the families and levels of divergence of units in both regions and interpreted the data in relation to the numbers of rDNA loci and levels of divergence in the intergenic spacer sequences (IGS).
Fully adjusted control charts were shown to offer an accurate and perceptive means of interpreting trends in a surgeon's efficiency, identifying outlying or anomalous units and providing early warning of divergence from the cohort mean.
Conservation units described solely on the basis of divergence at neutral markers may exclude adaptively differentiated populations that warrant separate management.
Substitution rates (r) were estimated as percentage per lineage per million years (my) so they equal one-half the divergence per unit of time (T) between taxa (r = 100 × D/2 T).
Branch lengths are proportional to the amount of divergence between nodes in units of substitutions per site.
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