Furthermore, joint consideration of the behavioural data and the dACC activity allowed us to pinpoint two pressures that shaped decisions in the task: a bias to defer until a later date, and a bias to weight unfavourable (excluded) options more heavily.
In addition to under-publication of statistically non-significant or unfavourable results, other forms of publication bias were mentioned, namely biases based on the type of research undertaken or its topic; the geographical origin of the research specifically studies from the developing world; and the standard of reporting particularly from non-native English speakers.
It has been suggested that the X chromosome would be an unfavourable location for genes to establish male bias, since they are already hyper-transcribed to achieve parity with autosomal genes [ 14].
Therefore, a possible explanation for unfavourable outcome in group H could be this bias as patients with chronic renal failure are known to have an inferior outcome after surgery, including cardiac surgery.
There was fairly wide agreement among interviewees that statistically non-significant findings were subject to publication bias, whereas there were mixed views regarding unfavourable results.
Many authors and practitioners have suggested that the 'marketization' of the NGO sector and recent focus on measurable impacts have had unfavourable side effects on the poorest regions by creating a bias towards those regions that offer 'easier' work environments [ 55, 56].
Perhaps in future, fearful of further accusations of bias, the BBC would think twice before reporting something unfavourable to the SNP.
Arbitrarily defined cervical length cut-off values for the definition of an unfavourable cervix that do not represent established clinical criteria are likely to increase subjective bias, although a defined cut-off value was stated in each trial included in this review.
Some 'healthy volunteer' bias may also be present as non-attenders at 1-year follow up exhibited more unfavourable lifestyle habits than attenders.
Positive outcome publication bias may also influence reviews of this type, due to researchers and journals possible reluctance to publish unfavourable results [ 29].
