The notion of an 'articulatory loop' was introduced by Baddeley and Hitch [4] to refer to a core component of verbal short-term memory which they hypothesised functioned to enable people to retain unfamiliar sequences of phonological material for short periods of time.
The similarity in the effect sizes for familiar and unfamiliar stimuli suggests that motor activation in response to the expert sounds was not a reenactment of the whole sequence of motor plans but was more likely to relate to familiarity with well-established and stereotyped patterns that are common to familiar and unfamiliar sequences.
Their shared perspectives are fascinating to behold because, while a psychologist might be unfamiliar with sequencing DNA, for example—as Cleeremans was the fundamental questions they pursue are, at times, stunningly similar.
Our design enables evaluation of how increased experience with a particular movement changes associated affective judgment of this movement compared to unfamiliar dance sequences.
Musical perceptual abilities were assessed in the patients and musician controls using the Montreal Battery for Evaluation of Amusia, a widely used and normed test of music perception in musically untrained subjects (Peretz et al., 2003), based on a two alternative (same/different) forced choice comparison of two short unfamiliar musical sequences.
In contrast, neural representations of newly learned nonphonemic auditory patterns or unfamiliar phonological sequences must retain some information regarding their spectrotemporal structure throughout the stream of auditory processing because these sounds cannot be associated with learned abstract representations stored in long-term memory.
For users who are unfamiliar with the sequence homology concept, the results can be misleading.
Doubts about the existence and validity of evidence supporting evolution not uncommon (Alters 2005; Miller et al. 2006; Moore 2008; Smith 2010; Yates and Marek 2014), particularly given the complexities of some data (e.g., molecular sequences) and unfamiliar methods of analysis (e.g., cladistics).
In contrast, sequences of unfamiliar complex sounds cannot be mapped onto long-term abstract representations and must instead be stored as consecutive segments of information for subsequent processing.
Results revealed a clear beneficial effect of estrogen on tasks mainly involving the prefrontal cortex: performance on a digit-ordering task (p<0.05) and on a task requiring short-term memory of event sequences in an unfamiliar story (p<0.01) were improved, and susceptibility to interference in the Stroop test (p<0.05) was diminished after estrogen.
