The primary factor was polarized, such that values correlated positively with Chi/L (Shields et al. 1988) and negatively with effective number of codons (Wright 1990); both are measures of uneven codon usage, with Chi/L increasing and ENC decreasing as codon usage becomes less even.
Codon usage bias (CUB), the uneven use of synonymous codons, is a ubiquitous observation in virtually all organisms examined.
This uneven codon usage was not neutral as some had suggested, but related to gene expression [ 9, 14- 16], nucleotide usage [ 17], protein structure formation [ 18- 20], and even viral RNA packaging [ 21, 22].
It must also be taken into consideration that further protection could be provided by uneven codon usage, i.e. in case of multiple codons for one amino acid those codons are preferred that are dissimilar to codons that code for dissimilar amino acids.
What the uneven and changing usage patterns mean — and whether they signal the beginning of a long-term rearrangement of how patients will seek treatment — is not yet clear.
Our favored method is Figure 2A, which is to ask: As genes become more biased (uneven) in codon usage, which codon(s) for each amino acid increases in frequency?
Industrial location and industrial geography both refer, in academic usage, to the study of the uneven distribution of manufacturing activity and its significance for the development of places at various scales.
The increased network usage at the chip interface may create an uneven traffic load in the on-chip network.
Unfortunately there is still an uneven distribution of PACS throughout Europe, which leads to significant differences between countries regarding the usage of teleradiology.
