Sentence examples for unequal evolution from inspiring English sources

We apply the generalized signal and noise analysis to four-taxon trees in which long-branch attraction bias arises as a consequence of unequal evolution rates or an asymmetrical topology.

Unequal branch lengths can be either caused by unequal evolution rates across lineages within the study group (i.e. relaxation of the molecular clock assumption), or due to an asymmetrical topology, which can arise as a result of differential speciation or extinction rates and/or incomplete taxon sampling [ 6].

Other distance methods (including the one used to construct the tree in the figure of the 20-organism phylogeny) relax the condition of uniform rate and allow for unequal rates of evolution along the branches.

Finally, we also assume phylogenies are free from systematic errors and the confounding effects of mutational saturation, long branch attraction, and unequal rates of evolution along branches of the tree.

Note that our statistical method was designed for unequal rates of evolution as well as a molecular clock, although we illustrate only the latter case here for simplicity.

This will cause Long Branch Attraction (LBA) effects during tree construction, either due to unequal rates of evolution or annotation errors.

The maize Rp1 locus, carrying nine paralogues, is probably the best example of unequal recombination for evolution of tandem paralogous R gene sequences [ 59].

We apply the generalized signal and noise analysis to classic quartet phylogenies in which long-branch effects can arise due to unequal rates of evolution or an asymmetrical topology.

On the other hand, unequal rates of evolution among sites brings the null expectation of Z below 1, while epistatic interactions among substitutions bias the null-expectation substantially above 1.

However, there are many reasons that could produce such a result and mask phylogenetic relationships, e.g. mixture of orthologs and paralogs, unequal rates of evolution, the long branch attraction artefact or lateral gene transfer [ 5- 8].

The little phylogenetic signal that remains may be obscured by biases in sequence data (heterogeneity in nucleotide and amino acid composition, unequal rates of evolution across sites or lineages, non-independent substitutions and selection), and/or by homoplastic changes on the apical branches [ 95].