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Yet, multiple social dynamics such as discrimination, bias, institutionalized racism, unequal provision of resources, poverty and unequal environmental challenges in communities and educational institutions continue to disproportionately affect the well-being of less advantaged racial and ethnic groups in the United States and in many other countries.
As a result, developing countries become saddled with an unequal environmental burden relative to developed countries that are importing the raw materials [3].
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This paper advances understanding of how unequal risks to environmental hazards are generated.
The findings identify several factors contributing to this issue as socio-economic, environmental, unequal distribution of urban resources, and the wide gap between the rich and the poor.
Still, activists have connected the crisis to a pattern of minority communities facing unequal exposure to environmental health risks.
Quite often, this pattern of unequal protection constitutes environmental racism a pattern first challenged in the courts in a 1979 lawsuit, Bean v. Southwestern Waste Management, for which I served as an expert witness.
A human rights approach brings both a critical and a practical dimension to public deliberation in bringing attention to historical patterns, cultural values, and prevailing structures of power and powerlessness as they contribute to or result in disparities in access to the benefits of scientific progress or unequal exposure to environmental health hazards.
Environmental inequality is the unequal spatial distribution of environmental risks and goods among social groups.
Connections between environmental destruction, unequal resource consumption, poverty and the global economic order have been discussed by political scientists, development theorists, geographers and economists as well as by philosophers.
Socioeconomic factors contribute to unequal social and physical environmental exposures which contribute to health inequalities.
Research suggests that unequal social factors and environmental exposures experienced by blacks and whites contribute substantially to racial/ethnic disparities in health, including hypertension (Cooper 1993; Lillie-Blanton and Laveist 1996; Morello-Frosch and Lopez 2006; Williams and Collins 2001).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com