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To avoid these undesirable outputs, a temporal algorithm is proposed.
where s b ∈ R n denotes excesses for undesirable outputs.
We introduce undesirable outputs in SBM efficiency models.
TFP growth might be greater or smaller when undesirable outputs are considered compared to TFP measurement without considering undesirable outputs.
The other recent strategy to incorporate undesirable outputs is to consider the proportional reduction in inputs and undesirable outputs and the proportional increase in desirable outputs [12].
To discriminate the efficient DMUs when undesirable outputs are included, Li et al. (2013) propose a super SBM model with the undesirable outputs SBM model.
In many real situations, the intermediate measures consist of desirable and undesirable outputs.
This study considers it as the strong DC, so indicating technology innovation on undesirable outputs.
It is important to note that undesirable outputs are excluded from Model (6).
Thus, the outputs should be classified into the two categories: desirable and undesirable outputs.
They assume that the processes may generate both desirable and undesirable outputs.
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