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Underwater submergence produces a complex autonomic response that includes apnea, a parasympathetically-mediated bradycardia, and a sympathetically-mediated increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR).
The present study was designed to identify brainstem catecholaminergic neurons that may be involved in producing the increased TPR during underwater submergence.
These data suggest that selective groups of catecholaminergic neurons within the brainstem are activated by voluntary underwater submergence, and some probably contribute to the sympathetically-mediated increase in vascular tone during diving.
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This paper describes a simplified control scheme to design a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for an underwater vehicle namely, deep submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV).
Floodwater O2 concentration, pH, temperature and incident irradiance in the air and underwater were measured during submergence as discussed in Singh et al. (2009).
Voesenek et al. (2006) summarized various adaptive responses in wetland plants to avoid the adverse effects of submergence, including underwater photosynthesis, aerenchyma formation and enhanced shoot elongation.
Genotypes containing submergence-inducible SUB1A restricts underwater ethylene production, which maintains mRNA and protein accumulation of gibberellic acid (GA) signaling repressors during submergence (Fukao and Bailey-Serres, 2008; Fukao et al., 2006; Singh et al., 2014).
The submergence-tolerant genotypes, having relatively higher pre-submergence carbohydrates (FR13A) or less underwater carbohydrates depletion (IR49830), were probably able to maintain residual starch concentrations above the minimum threshold required for recovery after submergence (Fig. 3).
In areas where typical flash-floods occur (water recedes to lower levels after complete submergence for 1 2 weeks), reduce underwater elongation is beneficial for survival because the elongating plants exhaust their energy reserves and tend to lodge as soon as the water level recedes (Sarkar et al. [1996]; Das et al. [2005]; Sarkar et al. [2009b]; Singh et al. [2009]).
Few data are available on key environmental parameters in various submergence environments yet these factors influence underwater PN, plant growth and survival.
Submergence intolerant lowland rice lacks submergence-induced SUB1A and elongates when trapped underwater.
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