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This criterion characterizes physical reality in terms of "objectivity" understood as independence from any direct measurement.
Contemporary civic republicans aim to promote freedom, understood as independence from arbitrary power.
But rather than viewing these as intrinsically valuable components of a particular vision of the good life, they must instead be viewed as instrumentally valuable for securing and preserving political liberty, understood as independence from arbitrary rule (Skinner 1984 , 1991 Sunstein 1988; Spitz 1993; Maynor 2003; Lovett 2005; Costa 2009).
When it is understood as independence, autonomy has little normative content to help people work through difficult issues.
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"James is a very serious and smart guy and he understands as much as anybody that impartiality and independence are at the heart of the BBC," said Lord Grade.
There is nothing inherently elitist about the ideal of freedom when this is understood negatively as independence from arbitrary or uncontrolled power.
Christiano grounds his account in a fundamental principle of justice requiring the equal advancement of people's interests, Wellman in a Samaritan duty of easy rescue, and Stilz in a Kantian duty of respect for others's freedom-as-independence, understood as a secure sphere of self-determination defined by a person's rights.
According to republicans in this second sense (sometimes called 'civic republicans' or 'neo-republicans'), the paramount republican value is political liberty, understood as non-domination or independence from arbitrary power.
The German chancellor insisted her government's decision did not amount to a verdict on whether Jan Böhmermann was guilty or not, but should be understood as a reaffirmation of the judiciary's independence.
In 1975, Landes and Posner offered a justification for the independence of the judiciary that is often understood as a normative theory of adjudication within the tradition of constitutional political economy.
In the following lines, we will define a nation-state by three principles: sovereignty understood as the supreme power to express the general will (Rousseau 2014), independence in the management of their internal affairs, and mutual recognition.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com