The Western bishops, who like most of the bishops in attendance had not given much thought to the issue, were not troubled by Constantine's term, which they understood as equivalent to the Latin word substantia, which Tertullian had used to describe the two substances of Jesus.
Before "queer" was used as a common identity, it was understood as equivalent to "fag".
The claim that s's justification from e for p requires s to have background information i is customarily understood as equivalent (in this context) to the claim that s's justification from e for p depends on some type of independent justification for believing or accepting i.[6] It is possible to interpret this notion of dependence in counterfactual terms (see for instance Moretti & Piazza 2013).
We define DYS389CD as equivalent to DYS389I, and we define DYS389AB as equivalent to DYS389II minus DYS389I.
John Robertson (1996, 2003), who as we saw defends a strong version of the right to procreative liberty, defends prenatal testing against charges that it should be understood as ethically equivalent to eugenics by emphasizing the role of individual, autonomous parental choices in controlling this technology.
Lacan's phrase "symbolic order," which encompasses all of the preceding, can be understood as roughly equivalent to what Hegel designates as "objective spirit".
In this generic sense, apperception might be understood as broadly equivalent to the Aristotelian sensus communis, the faculty that binds together the sensory input into a coherent representation of the object, or to Kant's notion of the transcendental unity of apperception.
We read (2) as equivalent to (1), hence also unassailable.
Apparently Plutarch understands "being" in Timaeus 52d2 as equivalent to "animal" in Timaeus 39e8, namely as that which comprises both the divine intellect (in a soul) and the intelligible Forms.
Nevertheless, one can plausibly read Brentano's notion of 'presentation' as equivalent to the notion of phenomenally conscious experience, as this is understood in other writers.
Other computational perspectives argue that mirroring systems involved in recognizing actions can be understood within a predictive coding framework, or more formally, as equivalent to Bayesian inference within a hierarchical structure [ 96].
