Although these cell lines provided an important tool for understanding ABC transporter function, these selection regimens do not mimic in vivo drug concentrations or dosing frequencies that occur in cancer patients.
This lack of a substrate-level understanding of transporter function particularly highlights the need for methods such as those developed here, which are capable of uncovering links one would not otherwise anticipate.
Understanding influx transporters, as well as efflux transporters, is essential to overcome this resistance.
This article surveys our understanding of transporters that are modulated by specific pathogens and the mechanism(s) involved, thereby illuminating targets that might be exploited for new therapeutic approaches.
Therefore, the use of kidney cell lines and rat tissue as a model for understanding drug transporters in human kidney should be approached with caution.
Understanding which transporters are involved in CSF secretion may generate targets to treat raised intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus and KOs have been used to try and define the roles of specific transporters.
A thorough understanding of each transporter, its location, level of expression and transport potency is needed to help improve the treatment of HIV infection and AIDS.
Ferrets are used to model human cardiovascular physiology, for instance study of NKCC1 in ferret erythrocytes has facilitated the understanding of the transporter [18] [20].
Recent understanding of ion transporter proteins and their role of fluid balance and water and electrolytes movement by the cells of NVU has been expanded [ 31].
Although major advances have been made over recent years in our understanding of membrane transporter function in mammalian tissues it is also likely that many unidentified transport systems will play unique physiological roles.
Yet, given the paucity of structural data for asymmetric transporters in this conformation and in a lipid membrane, this work represents an important contribution to the structural understanding of ABC transporters in general.
