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According to a Guardian survey of young people and language learning, more than four in ten students of Spanish, Italian, Russian and Japanese say they would even "have difficulty understanding, speaking or writing anything", and for Mandarin students almost half have not progressed beyond this level.
For example, to measure Dutch language proficiency we have the patient-self assessment of his/her proficiency in understanding, speaking, reading, and writing Dutch, all on a 4-point scale (from 'not at all' to 'good'good
– Dutch language proficiency is measured by asking patients to rank their own proficiency in understanding, speaking, reading, and writing the Dutch language (classified as 'not at all'a 'a little'moderatelyely'goodood'), and by asking which language is spoken at home.
The nine questions in the list focused on: self-reported proficiency (understanding, speaking, reading, writing) in the native language, Dutch and English ('not at all'a 'a little'sufficient'nt'goodood'); use of language in various situations; food preferences; feeling at home in the Netherlands; which to return home; and ethnic identity (e.g. 'mainly Dutch', 'both Dutch and Afghan').
Harry Mann's saxophone occupies a mighty pulpit of understanding, speaking wonders.
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An example of a double dissocation would be a pair of patients, one who has a normal capacity for understanding spoken words, but fails to understand written ones, and another who understands written words but not spoken ones).
That means understanding spoken human language, gestures and body language.
This separation between systems for producing speech and writing is mirrored in divisions between regions of the brain associated with understanding spoken and written words.
Short-term memory impairment at least for verbal material may be further subdivided into auditory and visual domains; however, these disorders result in difficulty in understanding spoken and written language rather than in memory impairment (i.e., they appear more like aphasia and dyslexia).
The term "English proficiency" may be too encompassing for a test that only assesses students' knowledge of grammatical rules, ability to read, and understanding spoken English.
It is a fundamental tenet of a broadly Chomskyan approach to syntax that speakers are credited with tacit knowledge of a grammar for their language and that this tacit knowledge is deployed in understanding spoken language.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com