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Students rated each question on a four-point scale of understanding, ranging from; "I fully understood" (4), "I understood"(3), "I did not understand well" (2), and "I did not understand at all"(1) – two positive and two negative responses, respectively.
RESULTS Among 1004 baseline survey responses, patients' confidence in their understanding of rhythm control, ablation, anticoagulation and cardioversion was suboptimal, with 'high' understanding ranging from 8.5% for left atrial appendage closure to 71.3% for rhythm therapy.
Each participant will be asked to give consent appropriate to their level of understanding ranging from written full informed consent to verbal or non-verbal communication, of which account will be taken in determining willingness to participate.
Responses were summed to give a composite score for subjective understanding ranging from 4 to 16. Participants were asked to consider a number of factual statements and to respond 'true'falselse' or 'don't know'.
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In terms of understanding range from behind the wheel, I wish Ford had provided a conventional-style analog fuel gauge with a big red needle and hash marks.
Whilst the broad concept of problem solving was generally recognised by GPs, the specific term problem solving was not, with a spectrum of understanding emerging, ranging from a specific technical description, reported by those with previous training in PST, through a sense of limited familiarity with the term, to a lack of clear understanding of what the term implied.
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have emerged as efficient tools for understanding biological systems ranging from sub-nanometer level up to micrometer level with accuracy comparable to experimental results.
Molecular dynamics modeling has provided a powerful tool for simulating and understanding diverse systems – ranging from materials processes to biophysical phenomena.
Faculty members and students collaborate across the community, pooling resources and expertise to tackle tough problems ranging from understanding the root causes of cancer to developing therapies and interventions; from understanding the rising costs of health care to developing delivery systems to underserved populations.
These gravitationally bound pairs and triples are not only common, but contribute immensely to our understanding of topics ranging from nuclear physics to cosmology.
An area of continued interest for an understanding of problems ranging from atmospheric chemistry to astrophysical phenomena to industrial applications pertains to the impact phenomena of nanoparticles.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com