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It professionalized, as practically a scientific specialty, the understanding of progress in art.
In the end, one's attitude to utopianism usually depends on one's understanding of progress, since progress is, as Wilde wrote, just "the realisation of utopias".
In spite of this, however, another understanding of progress and innovation – closely linked to a positive vision of degrowth – is taking shape.
The idea that the future will be better than the past is integral to any understanding of progress, and Rifa'a adopted it unambiguously: his love of the new was heartfelt and unapologetic; he ridiculed those who dismissed the modern era.
As both conservative pessimists, such as the philosopher John Gray, and postmodern relativists dismiss the post-Enlightenment understanding of progress as pure folly, Pinker is likely to stand accused of Panglossian naivety.
The influential Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi commission (pdf), which inspired a number of national initiatives around the globe to redefine our understanding of progress (pdf) concluded in 2009 that indicators of subjective wellbeing hold the promise of delivering not just a good measure of quality of life per se, but also a better understanding of its determinants.
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If Hitchens refused the label of conservative, it was largely because of his peculiar understanding of historical progress.
Disappointed with his perceived lack of impact on public understanding of global progress, the self-styled "edutainer" is now turning his attention towards teachers.
"The only reason I put money into DeepMind was to gain a better understanding of the progress and dangers of AI.
Cyrus's about-face is so sharp, it obliterates any chance for a more subtle and multitudinous understanding of personal progress.
However, they were confident that the "futures" were open and could be planned and steered, and this was mostly combined with a positive understanding of technological progress.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com