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This decision may have led to underreporting bias.
Alternatively, it may be due to social desirability and underreporting bias by overweight/obese respondents.
These reports are not exhaustive and are known to suffer from underreporting bias [ 9, 10].
Underreporting bias might also affect the rankings of unhealthy imported foods in Table 2.
Underreporting bias is also possible, as the expenditure diaries may not have accounted for all food expenditure.
It should be mentioned that the potential underreporting bias is likely to be much less important in the case of severe falls.
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Firstly, our data were based on a cross-sectional questionnaire survey, which may affect the preciseness of collected information due to shortcomings commonly existing in this type of research, e.g., possible underreports, bias of recall, etc.
Second, since our measure for drug use derived from self-report methods, it is possible that this variable is subject to bias due to underreporting and social desirability bias (see, however, Brown, Kranzler, & Del Boca, 1992).
The AE self-reporting method provides a detailed description of the AE and identifies a large number of preventable incidents, but it has the risk of selection bias, underreporting and some degree of Hawthorne effect, whereas retrospective medical chart review provides less contextual information for an AE and identifies fewer preventable incidents.
As with all self-reported data, results of this survey have the potential for recall bias, underreporting, or overreporting.
Caveats of using these operational definitions and an unprecedented five year recall census (misclassification, underreporting and recall bias) have been extensively discussed elsewhere (8).
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