Reinforcement learning is common in humans [1, 2] and non-humans [3], is implemented with various algorithms [4], has theoretical underpinnings [1, 4], and has neural substrates [5, 6].
However, perhaps due to a limited level of funding and expertise, and the non-clinical community setting (i.e. the workplace), the research examining participation in team sport has been limited by the reliance on qualitative methods (e.g. focus groups and individual interviews) and interventions that lack strong theoretical underpinnings [4].
On the other hand, bipolar disorder cases are heterogeneous with regard to clinical symptoms and severity, and to genetic underpinnings [12].
Abduction in qualitative analysis is a combination of inductive and deductive thinking with logical underpinnings [ 35) citing (36)].
Fourthly, review boards have displayed a lack of understanding and sensitivity towards the distinctive aims and interests of qualitative research and their methodological underpinnings [ 3, 5, 8].
The description of the intervention was utilized to identify 16 essential and 3 conditional components, thereby ensuring consistency with the intervention and its theoretical underpinnings (Table 1), [ 17, 21].
Its study combines knowledge about the ecological and evolutionary significance of plasticity with the analysis of its genetic and physiological underpinnings [ 1, 20].
While lack of insight is likely to have psychological and socio-cultural aspects, there are reasons to believe that it also possesses neurological underpinnings [ 2, 7].
Therefore, we chose an alternative approach to lead us to relevant frameworks from outside the medical educational field; that is, we applied a snowballing technique to find educational environment instruments used to build the contents of the medical ones and investigated their theoretical underpinnings (Study 1).
(See Smolin (2001, 2004) for a popular introduction; Rovelli, 2004, offers a physically intuitive account; Thiemann, 2008, provides the mathematical underpinnings; Rickles, 2005, offers a philosophically-oriented review).
The first family studies indicated substantial genetic underpinnings [ 2], and twin studies showed 42-69% heritability estimates [ 3, 4].
