And while banks accounted for a quarter of Britain's corporation tax and also underpinned value-added tax and stamp duty receipts, sophisticated investment banks and hedge funds managed to minimize payments.
The climate economist Lord Stern and others had warned in April of the risks of a "carbon bubble", because two-thirds of the fossil fuel reserves underpinning the value of oil, gas and coal companies will have to remain underground to keep warming under 2C.
Exxon's report was in response to the contentions of some shareholders and environmental activists that the assets underpinning the value of Exxon and other fossil fuel companies will be worth less as society restricts consumption of fossil fuels to fight climate change.
Underpinning the value of gold is that if all else fails you can use it to make pretty things.
Underpinning the value of the dollar is a combination of (a) the fact that you can use them to pay your taxes to the U.S. government, and (b) that the Federal Reserve is a potential dollar sink and has promised to buy them back and extinguish them if their real value starts to sink at (much) more than 2%/year (yes, I know).
Underpinning the value of any classification system for stillbirth is the collection of adequate and consistent information about these deaths.
It has therefore not been possible to determine whether Aloe vera is phylogenetically distinct from its many relatives, nor whether such phylogenetic distance may account for any potentially unique properties underpinning the value of the succulent leaf tissue.
This combination of properties is not accessible to the isostructural single linker phases thereby underpinning the value of the multilinker approach to produce porous solids with enhanced properties arising from synergy between linker chemistries.
However, there has been little examination of values underpinning PI or how these values might differ for different groups with an interest in PI in the research process.
