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There is no reason why the manager should consistently anticipate changes in volatility, and there is no underlying return from the strategy, in the sense that equities pay dividends or bonds pay interest.It seems highly likely that adding alternative assets to an institutional portfolio can provide investors with a smoother return.
By 2050, these will be about a fifth lower than they would have been under the previous system.The most serious weakness in the scheme is that the return on the accounts reflects the growth in average wages, whereas the underlying return from PAYG is the growth in the wage bill.
We further relate this temporal variation in the shape and the magnitude of the jump tails to the underlying return variation through the formulation of simple time series models for the tail parameters.
Mr. Dougan said he was "encouraged that our business is off to a good start, with year-to-date underlying return on equity consistent with our target level of 15 percent, including the benefit from our risk- and cost-reduction plans".
Its UK banking division saw an improvement in profitability and what it said was a "good underlying return" from its consumer, cards and payments business.
Since the estimated coefficients for the Skewness of the return series are different from zero, the underlying return distributions are not symmetric.
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In this paper, we propose a new asset-pricing framework for reverse convertible notes by extending the pure Brownian increments to Lévy jump risks for the underlying stock return movements.
Gold has no underlying investment return.
So investors have been overestimating the expected return from stocks: It should be no higher than their underlying companies' returns on equity, or three percentage points a year less than the equity market's annual return over the past 50 years.
We remain concerned that margins are unsustainable as underlying growth returns next year, and that forecast expectations beyond the current year remain high.
Each of these decisions has an underlying investment-return model.
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