Sentence examples for underlying proficiency from inspiring English sources

These results are in agreement with Cummins' (1979) notions of linguistic interdependence and common underlying proficiency.

This proposal is consistent with the view that vocabulary and literacy in the bilingual's two languages are subserved by the same universal common underlying proficiency.

In addition to being an additional window on underlying proficiency, the inclusion of the response time condition discouraged strategic and reflective processing on the part of the students, thus providing a more direct measure of vocabulary knowledge.

For example, the linguistic interdependence hypothesis by Cummins (1979) suggests that L1 and L2 acquisition is mutually dependent and both contribute to and draw from the same common underlying proficiency.

Then, item response theory (IRT) was used to estimate the latent trait (proficiency) underlying the participant responses to the test (DeMars, 2010; Embretson and Reise, 2000).

The gender-dependent pattern in variant consistency was likely due not (only) to gender per se, but to differential proficiency levels underlying gender.

Vital clinical skills including intravenous cannulation, administering intravenous drugs, bag and mask ventilation, fluid management and patient monitoring, are routinely used on all wards but with varying levels of proficiency and underlying knowledge [ 7].

For instance, a cloze test may not be perceived as a test for proficiency by its appearance, but the theory underlying the test supports its use for measuring language proficiency (Akbari, 2012).

The estimation of the Cox proportional hazard model stratified by English proficiency yields estimates of the underlying baseline hazard and survival function for a typical migrant in each stratum.32 Figure 4 shows the baseline hazard estimates for each stratum.

As one gains greater control over a language, both performance and the underlying neural substrates change to reflect increased proficiency, and presumably, more automatic processing [2], [4], [8], [10], [32] [34].

Thus, within each group, the probability of a correct response after PD onset is the same for all test takers and items regardless of proficiency (or any other person variable underlying aberrant response behavior) and regardless of the location of PD onset.