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This study aims to provide insight into the processes underlying population dynamics.
In this article we present a testing procedure for spatial scan statistics when the underlying population characteristics are not known.
Identifies significant hotspots of risk based on dynamics of underlying population in both time and space.
1A representative sample is one that accurately reflects the characteristics of the underlying population.
To date, explorations of fairness in intelligent decision systems have mostly ignored long-term influence on the underlying population.
An underlying population distribution is employed to structure this commonality among parameters, thereby avoiding the problems of overfitting.
"The American Community Survey is a small sample that is more representative of the underlying population; Facebook is a very large sample but not representative.
Footnote: The Bohnert et al. (2011) and Bohnert et al. (2012) papers arose from the same underlying population.
To distinguish between underlying population distributions and estimated distributions fitted to samples, we introduce the following notation.
In this paper we develop an explicit connection between telecommunications data and the underlying population distribution of Milan, Italy.
This is a common situation in model-based sampling since the underlying population model is usually unknown.
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