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The study of the interaction between invertebrate model hosts and pathogenic organisms provides insights into the mechanisms underlying pathogen virulence and host immunity, and complements the use of mammalian models by enabling whole-animal high throughput infection assays and genome wide transcriptome analyses [ 2].
Along with inflammation designed to eliminate the underlying pathogen, immune-suppressive mechanisms are also initiated during sepsis which result in immune dysfunctions and secondary infections [ 5, 6].
Treatment of IRIS involves optimal treatment of the underlying pathogen to reduce antigen load; supportive measures; and, in some cases, immunosuppression with corticosteroids.
Lung infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the underlying pathogen of TB, also occur at higher rates in this population (Jellinek 1943; World Health Organization [WHO] 2014).
Furthermore, the underlying pathogen may remain unknown and alternative definitions of adequacy such as guideline adherence [ 3, 34] need to replace the microbiological definition of adequacy anyhow.
Therefore, if a generalist pathogen differs in its ability to exploit host species, variation in disease outcomes will ultimately result from a complex combination of host traits that mediate exposure, and the functional genetic architecture underlying pathogen and host adaptations.
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Furthermore, sophisticated diagnostic tools designed for the reliable detection of the underlying pathogens, are not yet generally available to the microbiological laboratory.
The primary outcome for 17 of these 20 studies was clinical success [ 39- 54, 57, 58, 58] and 16 of 20 included a microbiological response assessment for underlying pathogens [ 39- 43, 450 48, 50, 56- 58, 56- 58] (Table 1).
This is the first report of CP receptor/carriers in pathogenic eukaryotes and, as such, should help to reveal the underlying pathogenicity of microbial pathogens.
Therefore, an understanding of the genetic basis underlying pathogenicity is crucial for controlling this pathogen.
Global gene expression profiling is a strategy that can be used to better understand mechanisms underlying host pathogen interactions in response to infection (reviewed in: [10]).
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