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Due to the constancy of the underlying measurements, both field and LiDAR data could provide the needed information if they covered every hectare on Earth.
The integrated use of empirical mode decomposition (EMD), principal component analysis (PCA) and Savitzky Golay (S G) adaptive filtering are applied to extract noise from underlying measurements.
The jackknife method yields a confidence interval that accurately reflects variation in the 24 underlying measurements.
Yet, CCL2 mRNA and protein levels displayed a strong positive correlation, validating the underlying measurements of mRNA and protein concentrations (Fig. 6e).
Residuals from modeled counts can be used as a metric to evaluate the magnitude of effect an experimental process has on the linearity and precision of underlying measurements.
Mass spectra acquired from single pixels are presented in order to allow an evaluation of the quality of the underlying measurements.
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We refer to the phenomenon of 'change deafness', but will also use the term 'change discrimination' where appropriate to denote the experimental procedure underlying measurement of the phenomenon.
The mechanism underlying measurement of stained cells is the conversion of dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFD-DA) to dichlorofluorescein (DCF) by oxidation [ 18].
Although formal hypothesis tests provide a convenient framework for displaying the statistical results of empirical comparisons, standard tests should not be used without consideration of underlying measurement error structure.
Residuals from fitting the model to experimental data can be used as a metric for evaluating the effect that an individual step in an experimental process has on the linear response function and precision of the underlying measurement while identifying signals affected by interference from other sources.
Here, I make the case that deep and useful concepts underlie "measurement" and "information" in ways that inform the study of biological design (Table 1).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com