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The biggest factor in determining a city's income, according to Alex Friedhoff, a Research Analyst at Brookings Institute's Metropolitan Policy Program, is the underlying industries that employ the most residents, as well as the type of jobs.
The problem afflicts many multiemployer plans, either because the underlying industries have dwindled away, or because of shakeouts in which companies with union work forces have disappeared and been replaced by nonunion companies that did not join the pension plans.
Claudio Aspesi of Bernstein wonders whether the prices that can be charged for computerised products "can support the underlying industries if they are not also physical businesses".Some media firms need to get bigger and trim costs.
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A new feature, Drilling Down, will examine an underlying industry trend each week with data and a brief article.
Key concepts underlying Industry 4.0 are increased connectivity of networks using the Internet of Things and Internet of Services through Cyber-Physical Systems.
In addition, it is useful to gain an economic understanding on the importance of the underlying industry structure, irrespective of the kind of wastes to be removed.
But while Motorola's bean counters were happily tallying the profits from StarTac, the underlying industry was undergoing a dramatic shift.
Ericsson's Svanberg, who will become chairman of BP next year, told Forbes that underlying industry trends in traffic and consumer demand were still strong, and that operator spending had only been limited by currency volatility.
Over the past decades, many spacecraft at geosynchronous orbit have continued a trend towards increasingly massive and longer-lasting satellites, and while they do represent some of the most exquisite, highest-performing satellites ever launched, some experts now feel that such trends are unsustainable and are beginning to place increasing strain on the underlying industry.
It began at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), ~22-20 ka, with a period of intensification in the Late Glacial ~15-13 ~15-13though recent workasuggests althoughle underecent industry as early as ~26 ka [ 1, 6].
The way streaming services pay royalties represents a major shift in the economic gears that have been underlying the industry for decades.
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