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This is a direct effect from the difference in the underlying immunity of the susceptible population at the beginning of the second wave.
The underlying immunity of individuals can have a profound impact on the prevalence of disease in a population and the level of disease that is observed.
An improved understanding of the processes underlying immunity and cross-immunity among LP and HPAI viruses is important in assessing the susceptibility of wild bird populations to HPAI viruses, predicting when epidemics are likely to occur, and developing effective surveillance programs for HPAI.
This may represent an immunologically primed population by boosting underlying immunity.
Microarray analysis is a well-adapted technology to investigate the gene regulation mechanisms underlying immunity against pathogens.
In contrast, the effective reproduction number (RE) is calculated in a population with underlying immunity and accounts for a population's reduced susceptibility to infection [ 9].
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A first way of achieving this is by conducting more studies to quantify the extent of additive genetic variance underlying immunity-related traits and/or nonimmunological mechanisms such as behaviour that contribute to host defence (sensu Parker et al. 2011).
These pandemics have provided an opportunity to evaluate the host innate immune response among populations without underlying background immunity.
Another paradox, which Barack Obama surely appreciates, is that the real issue underlying the immunity debate is not whether the telecoms should pay damages; it is whether lawsuits against the companies can be used to answer a question that Congress and the press have not: Just how bad was the N.S.A. program, after all?
Our understanding of miRNA-mediated processes underlying plant immunity is, however, far from complete.
Recent studies have revealed that rewiring of cellular metabolism induced by different immunological signals is a crucial step for determining the epigenetic changes underlying trained immunity.
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