Exact(4)
The larger challenge as it is usually posed, of a fundamental incomparability among cultures, questions whether cultures or traditions may be intrinsically incomparable because of different underlying histories or different overlying functions.
But, because combined analysis assumes that there is only one evolutionary history, the discordance is assumed to be caused by homoplasy, and when reticulation has occurred the inferred tree may not resemble any of the underlying histories.
That the group of operational genes comprises multiple underlying histories does not make this grouping meaningless: the evolutionary resemblance between operational genes (i.e., their more frequent transfer relative to other genes), if correct, deserves recognition (Leigh et al. 2011).
Patients treated with β-blockers were more likely to have underlying histories of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, whereas those receiving combination therapy had poorer cardiac function status, as indicated by a greater incidence of NYHA classification III (P = 0.030).
Similar(56)
This may be due to the difference in country-specific ethnicities, and underlying history of migration.
But, in cases where genes have tracked more than one underlying history, some of the differences among data sets would not be due to sampling error, but to genealogical discordance.
We focus on the importance of the number of sampled individuals rather than the number of SNPs, as the former can be directly controlled during experimental design, while the latter is the result of a combination of the underlying history of the population under consideration, the size of the genome, and the sequencing effort expended.
The predicted number of biopsies and treatments takes into account the mix of underlying natural histories referred to colposcopy by the screening test, the accuracy of colposcopy for each natural history state, and compliance with follow-up for additional visits.
Yet Herodotus himself would see little point in such an exhortation, since underlying his Histories is a belief that nations and their leaders are steered by destiny, which is both inevitable and inscrutable.
Thus, the simulation results suggest that if a bias is being created by the underlying demographic histories of these species, the likely result is a homogenizing effect on estimated rates of adaptation between species (i.e., contrary to empirical observation).
Such conflicting signal might result from multiple sources, including phylogenetic estimation error leading to different inferences from individual gene trees, and/or different underlying evolutionary histories among genes due to lateral gene transfer or lineage sorting effects.
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