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In what follows, we use the terminology "tree graph" to include graphs with directed edges where the underlying (equivalent undirected) graph is a tree.
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However, in recent decades, insights from work on self-organizing complex systems (employing the systems approach, and building upon the discovery of fractals and deterministic chaos) suggest that the observable complexity of landscapes need not imply an equivalent underlying complexity.
Unlike the germ theory for communicable diseases, there has been no equivalent underlying link between the determinants shown in Figure 1 and chronic diseases.
The underlying principle is that equivalent problems have equivalent solutions.
They trade on the Amex at a price equivalent to their underlying basket of stocks.
Microeconomic dissonance means that the underlying microeconomic differences between ostensibly equivalent models become important when optimal monetary policy is derived.
But these affect how successfully CRM or equivalent initiatives address underlying issues associated with communication.
There are often multiple fields that give equivalent indications of underlying biology and any one could be analysed to similar effect.
They together initiate epigenetic reprogramming in early germ cells toward an underlying pluripotent state, which is equivalent to embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
DIF occurs when one group of individuals responds differently from another group on a given questionnaire item, even though both groups are equivalent on the underlying construct that is assessed.
Again, regardless of the route of drug administration, orally or locally, the effects of ospemifene on the thickness of the vaginal epithelium and PR expression in the epithelium and underlying tissue layers were virtually equivalent to EE2, confirming a full estrogen agonist effect.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com