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We express the full set of theoretically optimal pathways in terms of the underlying elementary flux modes and then examine the sensitivity of the optimal yield to a wide class of physiological perturbations.
First, the kinetic parameters of the underlying elementary reactions are in many cases unknown for a complex-order reaction.
A key problem in the validation of a new assay of amyloid growth is the difficulty of obtaining standardized and calibrated aggregation conditions because the observed growth kinetics are the result of a complex interplay of underlying elementary reaction steps.
For a microscopic understanding of molecular switching at surfaces, it is essential to obtain detailed knowledge on the underlying elementary processes, for instance the excitation mechanism in photoinduced switching.
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For this reason, genetic research often trains its focus on endophenotypes, ie, more elementary underlying traits or facets of clinical phenomena, whereby the number of genes required to produce variations in these traits may be fewer than those involved in producing a psychiatric diagnostic entity.
This entails an atomic-level understanding of the fundamental principles (elementary processes) underlying the bond-making and bond-breaking at surfaces.
Finally, it is important to acknowledge that, because our model represents the elementary interactions underlying coupling, it is too underdetermined to identify a single "correct" solution of parameter values that may be expected to represent the "real" solution.
A biological explanation involves, at a minimum, identifying the elementary events underlying the evolutionary process and the simplest models of evolution that include these events and are compatible with the observations.
The author also offers an inkling of the underlying maths in terms of elementary algebra.
We use density functional theory calculations to study systematically the effect of the size of Cu clusters on the binding strengths of reactants and reaction intermediates as well as the activation barriers for the elementary reaction steps underlying CO2 hydrogenation.
However, some have argued that a much more fundamental form of "elementary" recognition (2.1) is underlying these modern spheres of respect (2.2), esteem (2.3) as well as love and friendship (2.4).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com