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The longitudinal component was used to estimate the effect of a policy change on rates of fatal crashes; the cross-sectional component was included to account for underlying differences between states that tended to have different policies during the study period, not to estimate the effects of policies.
The second highest quality evidence is from randomized controlled trials where researchers can be confident that the intervention, not underlying differences between groups is the cause of different outcomes between groups.
Observed differences in evolutionary rates of H7 HA on different NA subtype backgrounds could not be attributed to underlying differences between avian host species or virus pathogenicity.
Ziedan traces this notion of heresy to underlying differences between Greco-Egyptian and desert Arab cultures and their view of divinities.
Dr. Jackson at first tried to tease out underlying differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated elderly people by using medical codes — a numerical shorthand that doctors use to classify and record what is wrong with their patients.
It leaves minimal room for bias, and without it there always remains a possibility that any differences observed between subjects and controls may be the result of underlying differences between the two groups, rather than a true effect.
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The underlying difference between Mr. Brooks and Whyte is ideological.
Eventually, when the chain of causation is traced in full, the chances are that the underlying difference between polar and tropical octopuses will be in the DNA itself.
Noah Horowitz, in his June 12 Op-Ed article "Your 4-Year-Old Can't Do That," describes the underlying difference between works by great artists and works by children marketed as art prodigies.
Ultimately this is Apple highlighting the core, underlying difference between iOS and Android — given how much feature overlap remains between the two mobile OSes.
A critical underlying difference between the succession and addition theorists is the question over whether forms are indivisible or can be perpetually broken down into smaller parts.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com