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The underlying data from many countries are missing or unreliable, so it is accepted practice for number-crunchers to use computer modelling to fill in the blanks.
Dr. Krumholz said he was hopeful that the Infuse review would lead more companies, as well as academic researchers, to disclose all the underlying data from their clinical research.
So a developer who wants to build their own Foursquare/Gowalla-type mobile app with check-ins and geo-Tweets can build it on top of the GeoAPI instead of assembling all the underlying data from scratch.
In other words, testing the derived signal for information content provides a better trust index of the derived respiration rate than does an estimate of the quality of the underlying data from which the respiration signal is derived.
¥Underlying data from [ 19].
§Underlying data from [ 33]. †Underlying data from [ 20]; odds ratios adjusted for study center and race/ethnicity.
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Trends in employer-based insurance: The underlying data come from the Census.
But this estimate has provoked widespread skepticism, in part because the underlying data come from unidentified drug companies and are confidential.
The underlying data obtained from questionnaires such as the KOOS are ordinal, which implies the use of non-parametric statistics.
Also, as Antova et al. say, visible molds "may better represent long-term exposure to moulds than direct measurements during a short sampling time [ 5]." The majority of underlying data are from cross sectional studies that are subject to confounding and other limitations inherent in that study design, despite the attempts to control for known confounders.
If used as acoustic models, they can offer additional advantages over GMMs: they make no assumptions about the distribution of underlying data; they can use information from many different sources, ranging from low-level acoustic features to high-level information such as gender, phonetic contexts, and acoustic environments; and they are computationally very simple.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com