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Multiple experimental studies have shown that AF-induced electrical remodelling is characterized by decreases in atrial action potential duration (APD), which are associated with underlying changes to the expression of several membrane ion channels reported both in dog and human.
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We argue that this approach to intervention development and reporting is 'scientific' in that it enables us to understand the processes underlying change, to replicate interventions and possibly to improve the delivery of an intervention without altering its essential content.
What is needed instead is underlying change – to infrastructure.
To check our approach, we also considered a traditional fold-change analysis, which confirmed, for example, PCA3, GDF15 and MSMB transcript expression as disrupted but unrelated to underlying changes at the DNA level (Fig. 1).
For interpretation, it is helpful to think about underlying changes in the family environment separately from the impact they have on a specific child within the family.
Our finding that 75% of the variance in VIQ change that was associated with Time 1 behaviour was also associated with local grey matter change in the left premotor/somatosensory cortex may also provide clues to the mechanisms underlying changes in VIQ and reading scores.
The importance of underlying environmental change to the spread of infectious agents across these populations is now widely appreciated.
Although growth hormone (GH -induced chanGH -inducedand protein metabolism are likely to underlie changes in body composition, the relationship has not been clearly defated.
(Total return is the combined result of the yield you are paid and any changes to the underlying prices of the bonds you own).
An executive from Bank of America said that the contracts behind some securitizations expressly prohibited changes to the underlying mortgages.
Analysts say tracking error may also stem from other factors, like changes to the underlying benchmark index — or whether a fund holds an entire index or just a sample of it.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com