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The phrase "underlying calculus" is correct and usable in written English.
It can be used when discussing the fundamental principles or mathematical concepts that form the basis of a particular theory or system. Example: "The underlying calculus of the model helps to explain the relationship between the variables involved."
Exact(6)
Still, the underlying calculus is hard-headed — "evidence-based," as one official put it.
It's certainly objectionable too, deliberately so: the resentment and repugnance it arouses are evidently a part of its underlying calculus.
Certain statements such as A →A or ((A →B), (B →C)) → (A →C) hold independently of the underlying calculus.
In this paper we study an approach to cope with these problems, which is not based on probability theory as the more common approaches like, e.g., expectation maximization, but uses possibility theory as the underlying calculus of a graphical model.
The use of chemical weapons does not change that underlying calculus: There is still no case for putting U.S. boots on the ground or making regime change an immediate American priority.
An implication A → B is considered to be valid, if, when read as a rule, it is admissible (with respect to the underlying calculus).
Similar(53)
But they have made little headway in changing the underlying political calculus.
Accordingly they refrained, in the main, from destructive criticism of the ideas underlying the calculus.
The dominant view espouses a deliberative trust formation process whereby shoppers evaluate security certificates, return policies, user feedback and the like, implying a highly rational underlying trust calculus.
Both facilities are possible thanks to the chosen internal representation mechanism, which is a mathematical model of the description, and to an underlying formal calculus that allows the description to be correctly manipulated.
In order to capture the inference mechanism underlying the infinitesimal calculus of Leibniz and Newton (and Bohr's theory of the atom), we need to add to the chunking a mechanism that allows a limited amount of information to flow between the consistent fragments of these inconsistent but non-trivial theories.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com