They are all about knowing a fact from a factoid, reasoning from data to underlying patterns and practical implications, all while feeding careful observation through the strainer of valid logic.
This long-standing situation is the result of assumptions and values underlying theoretical and practical approaches to data collection, research, analysis and policy development, which have tended to reinforce the centrality of women's reproductive and caregiving roles and ignore or underplay women's experiences in other sectors of social life.
Third, theoretical foundations must be defined and underlying theoretical methods and practical strategies identified.
Although previous studies have emphasized the importance of theory-based practice and rehabilitation [ 3, 11, 37, 57], there is still a lack of established concepts underlying the practical implementation of motor skill learning principles and theories in rehabilitation.
In nursing these ideas have been created in research by Benner in a belief that proclaims clinical skills and the underlying practical knowledge to be capabilities acquired with the passage of time as a product of history and the way the professional is involved in it [ 1, 7, 27].
But it is possible to regard his writings as an integrated whole in terms of the constant principles underlying his practical positions.
At the between-study level, we assumed a common correlation structure across treatments in addition to the common variance assumption underlying most practical application of NMA methods.
These choices may be influenced by different underlying epistemic, socio-cultural and practical values held by the assessors.
But underlying all these practical measures must be an exercise in truth-telling.
Therefore, an optimized design of the electrical probe memory device has been proposed by taking into account aforementioned factors as well as the underlying issues from practical fabrication process [109], as shown in Fig. 14.
