Thus, this is an interesting instance of a gene family (C6AST subfamily of astacin metalloproteases) that has undergone expansion independently in different teleost lineages and shows new expression patterns and functions associated with similar evolutionary innovations (that is, ovoviviparity in female platyfish and male pregnancy in seahorse).
It is not uncommon for the same genes in different organisms to have undergone fusion independently.
Ast1 and its neighboring genes, PEG3 and ZIM2, were previously shown to undergo lineage-specific imprinting, and PEG3 and ZIM2 are thought to have undergone rearrangements independently in different lineages [ 25].
However, such models do not fit our scenario, because they are designed for overlapping reading frames, where a mutation affects both translated sequences, while in our case the sequences become at one point independent and undergo mutations independently.
Left atrial fibrosis was more pronounced in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery compared with patients undergoing CABG, independently of the underlying heart rhythm.
There are several common features between this genome and that of G. aurea, although they underwent miniaturization independently.
This occurs because the Nodal-expressing domain also expresses components of the Wnt-PCP pathway and undergoes intercalation, independently of ingression (Voiculescu et al., 2007).
An obvious weakness of the above models is that chromosomes are treated as a single population, in which individual chromosomes undergo division independently.
The failure to observe this association in the opossum genome assembly challenged this hypothesis: however, we now see that it was, indeed ancestral to marsupials as well as eutherians, and HSA3 and HSA21 underwent fission independently in the opossum [ 41].
Myofibers undergoing degeneration/necrosis, independently of the injury insult, release Th1 inflammatory stimuli, which recruit neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages required to clear cell debris, followed by a Th2 immune response which promotes muscle healing [ 17].
Initially, GSH depletion was considered as a by-product of ROS production during mitochondrial permeability during apoptosis via the intrinsic route; however, it is now clear that although mitochondrial ROS formation is crucial for apoptosome formation; reduced GSH is necessary for normal cells to undergo apoptosis, independently of ROS.
