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Entire defects undergo interface nucleation process for the formation of rutile phase, and finally, at 950°C, the Ti-O bonds are fully reconstructed and the Ti950 becomes nearly free of crystalline defects.
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As the size of Ti200 is small (4 nm), this nanocrystallite can easily change to rutile by undergoing interface nucleation.
Conversely, if electrons are taken away from the metal electrode by applying positive potentials to it, the metal ions thus formed can cross the double layer of electric charge at the interface, undergo hydration (combination with water), and enter the solution.
In all cases, areas that are closer to the PSi-air interface undergo higher changes, possibly due to the consequent oxidation process [23].
Our observations that fibronectin fragments and other proteins such as BSA, collagen and laminin, although form monolayers at the air-liquid interface, cannot undergo fibrillogenesis by pulling at the interface, suggest that unique elements in the complete structure of fibronectin are necessary for the production of manually pulled fibers.
Multi-material flow generally describes a situation where several distinct materials separated by sharp material interfaces undergo large deformations.
The cooperative oxygen binding results from the allosteric equilibrium between the low-affinity T (deoxy) state and the high-affinity R (oxy) state, and the α1β2 and α2β1 dimeric interfaces undergo the principal changes during the deoxy-to-oxy transition [ 8- 10].
Based on boundary layer renewal, an approximate analysis was carried out for the heat transfer from a discrete heat source on a solid wall to the liquid near an oscillating air/liquid interface and an interface undergoing wave movement.
Silica species start to diffuse slowly through the interface and undergo hydrolysis with water forming an amorphous film at the micelle-free interface.
A nonlinear stability method is developed for laminar two-fluid shear flows which undergo changes in the interface topology.
The detached atoms undergo migration from the interface of the shrinking grain and form new bonds with the growing grain [31].
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