Nevertheless, genetic variation may be underestimated across species using the same markers, because microsatellites are subject to ascertainment bias [ 64].
As a result, the full extent of the LTD phenotype is probably underestimated across a group of PCs investigated by patch clamp recording.
Simulations definitely reflect this bias, with Bayesian estimates on average underestimating across the board for CNLOH regions and generally for single-gains shrinking the estimates toward.
However, if current SS is uniformly underestimated across the sample then there is merely a rescaling of the CSS variable so that the strength of the relationship is unaffected, although the HR relating to a unit increase would be smaller.
The costs of inpatient care were underestimated across the lifestyle, metformin, and placebo treatment groups due to delayed reporting of hospitalizations by some clinical sites and the authors' failure to count hospitalizations when the study year in which they occurred was initially unknown.
Mosaic consistently underestimates recharge across all basins.
Using time-to-first-event methods also tends to underestimate disparities across demographic background.
This bias is expected to affect all samples equally; therefore, if the absolute accumulation level of a transcript is underestimated, differences across conditions still can be calculated.
Although we adjusted our estimates for energy, which reduces the influence of this misreporting, and the measures taken by the NDNS to ensure complete recording of dietary intakes, there is still a chance that such biases may have led to over- or underestimated differences across the SEP groups, if the biases were socio-economically patterned.
A number of studies share the finding that EPA underestimates methane leakage rates across the life cycle (their estimate was 1.65% in 2013) [ 16], but others, extrapolating from emissions factors and/or direct measurement, produce estimates as low as 0.42% [ 18].
