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Hilltop and steep slope locations consistently underestimated mean field soil moisture.
In contrast, image-derived IFs were significantly underestimated (mean IF corrected for injected activity shown in Figure 2) compared to either manual sampled or probe-derived IFs.
Lactate measures also showed good concordance (CCC = 0.96; CI 95% = 0.93 to 0.98), however measures of arterialized EL blood were also underestimated (mean difference = 1.07 mg/dl; P < 0.001) (Figure 1) but again this error was systematic (slope = 0.97).
In a similar manner, PaO2/FiO2 values were underestimated (mean difference = 34.8; P < 0.001; CI 95% = 25.5 to 44) and the magnitude of this underestimation increased the higher the arterial PaO2/FiO2 (slope = 0.74).
Thus, estimated AG overestimated BG at lower glucose levels and underestimated mean BG at higher glucose levels.
For the point distance CP definitions, <1 km considerably underestimated mean degree when compared to map-based CP definitions, particularly in Aberdeenshire, whereas <3 km considerably overestimated it, particularly in Ayrshire.
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Doing so overestimated the number of episodes by 7-10%, while concomitantly underestimating mean or median lengths-of-stay by 9-309-30%
The full-sample estimator was found to underestimate mean cost ($30,420) compared with the reweighted estimators ($36,490).
This finding could be reflection of the fact that HbA1c levels might underestimate mean blood glucose levels in patients with CKD and especially in diabetic subjects with severe nephropathy as evident from macro-albuminuria [ 22, 23].
In addition, HbA1c values may underestimate mean blood glucose levels in CKD patients, particularly those with CKD-associated anemia, although this should be a non-directional bias towards the null in this cohort in which all participants had CKD.
Comparison with Method 1 showed that failure to account for such transfers resulted in overestimating the number of episodes by 7-10%, and underestimating mean or median lengths-of-stay by 9-309-30%
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