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"Our findings suggest that CMIP5's predictions may have significantly underestimated changes in the Arctic ecosystem, and climate models will need to be improved to better understand and predict the future of the Arctic," Keenan said.
The research suggests that climate projections "may have significantly underestimated changes in the Arctic ecosystem, and climate models will need to be improved to better understand and predict the future of the Arctic," lead author Trevor Keenan, a scientist in Berkeley Lab's Earth & Environmental Sciences Area, said in a statement.
Comparisons were made regarding the percentage of missing values per questionnaire item, correlation between conventional and retrospective measurements, and the degree to which retrospective measures either over- or underestimated changes and time-dependent effects.
Using NIRO 300, the within-infant standard deviation (Sw) was 5.2% with repeated cerebral measurements in preterm newborns [ 7].Using a different instrument, Critikon 2020, the Sw was only 1.7% on the neonatal head [ 8], but this instrument also underestimated changes in concentration of hemoglobin [ 9].
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Raw scores underestimated change in ability observed at higher levels of ability.
Predicted utility scores overestimated baseline values but underestimated change.
Predicted EQ-5D scores underestimated change in cohorts of patients with more active disease.
Predicted values overestimated values cross-sectionally and underestimated change in patients with active arthritis, particularly those with very early disease.
Abbreviations: BROSG = British Rheumatoid Outcome Study Group, BSRBR = British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register, EQ-5D = EuroQol-5D, SF-6D = Short Form-6D, STIVEA = Steroids In Very Early Arthritis Predicted EQ-5D scores significantly underestimated change in patients with early arthritis (mean difference -0.07, 95% CI -0.12, -0.03).
Microarray analyses may sometimes underestimate changes in gene expression [63].
Notably, RT-PCR data is suggestive for the microarray to underestimate changes in the gene expression even though both methods supported the general directions of changes.
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