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Because we considered only TCDD in this study, our results may have underestimated an effect due to total TEQ exposure.
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Because we could consider only TCDD in this study, our results may underestimate an effect due to dioxin TEQ exposure.
Because we measured only TCDD in this study due to the small sample volume available (0.65 grams), our results may underestimate an effect due to dioxin TEQ exposure.
If the exposure under study slows early fetal growth, adjustment for gestational age based on ultrasound may underestimate an effect of the exposure on fetal growth and overestimate a risk of preterm birth.
On a more general level, it has been argued that sham procedures are not inert and may have specific physiological effects, thereby underestimating a treatment effect.
Surprisingly, neither alcohol-related disease nor the presence of social deprivation was found to be associated with poorer outcome, although we may have underestimated a true population effect as the vast majority of the cohort had one or both of these risk factors.
This bias will underestimate a possible effect of the intervention on the two intervals.
Although standardised and validated asthma questions were used, 20 some non-differential misclassification would still be expected, and our results might underestimate a true effect.
The three radars generally underestimate precipitation, an effect increased with range from the radar and beam blockage, which is examined in detail in this study.
It is therefore possible that the current review underestimates a potential treatment effect.
We cannot conclude from these data whether the difference in the magnitude of treatment effect is due to inflated effect estimates in the industry-funded trials or to an underestimated effect in the independent trials; nor can we deduce the reason for it.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com