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Essentially, the subjects with a small ground truth age (e.g., less than 20 years old) tend to be more overestimated, whereas the subjects with a large ground truth age (e.g., more than 50 years old) tend to be more underestimated, where females are more likely to have larger underestimate errors than males.
This method of error detection would give a better reflection of the extent of medical errors as opportunistic incidents reporting tend to underestimate errors [ 7].
While it is also possible that over reporting occurred due to recall of events outside the time window, with providers choosing to report because this is the one chance they have to report these type of errors, prior studies have demonstrated provider recall underestimate errors confirmed with chart audits [ 27, 28].
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We show that the hyperparameter matrix method can detect unaccounted systematic errors or underestimated errors in the data sets.
Ames-1 does a good job of predicting uncertainties at intermediate vote tallies, but underestimates errors somewhat at the extremes.
This situation is evident by the kurtosis of the algorithm density plot showing more errors tightly grouped around the zero value whereas the ARIMA density plot slightly underestimates errors and has a lower peak indicating higher variability in the results that produces the fatter tails in the distribution.
To counteract the possibility of underestimating error during a typical fit-for-purpose biomarker method validation, a revised strategy based on the data here is proposed for future studies.
Murphy and Topel (1985) and Pagan (1984) showed that standard two-step procedures not accounting for generated regressor problems underestimate standard errors of the consistent second-step estimators and that corrected standard errors are larger than their uncorrected counterparts.
However, if clustering effects are present, then the Preacher and Hayes method would underestimate standard errors, so the Sobel [ 36] method will be used, with standard errors derived from the mixed effects model.
Under these circumstances, the PCSE estimator will tend to underestimate standard errors and over-reject hypotheses.
Both NIED and JMA must underestimate standard errors of hypocenters, which are calculated based on.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com