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Their WTP estimates are, however, not comparable to estimates presented in this paper because the good under valuation is not similar.
Furthermore, the independent valuation and summation strategy developed in CEM opens to overvaluation or under valuation of the willingness to pay values.
While the failure to properly account for reversal risk leads to the possibility of over valuation, a failure to acknowledge the economic efficiency benefits of (even risky) offsets can lead to systematic under valuation.
Each of these traditional valuation practices may lead to under valuation and thus underinvestment in earlier stage drug development projects, even though some will offer high or breakthrough innovation potential with the option to abandon them at multiple stages of development (Newton et al. 2004).
In lead-time TTO, the health state under valuation is further away in the future than in lag-time TTO, where the health state 'begins' immediately.
From a methodology point of view, protest answers should be excluded from the analysis since those who just object to pay may not really place a zero value on the services under valuation and would be willing to pay in a real market [ 19].
Similar(53)
Elsewhere, by contrast, most currencies are less rigidly pegged to America's, so are not as prone to over-or under-valuation as the dollar rises or falls.
The unwanted and botched NHS reorganisation has cost around £4bn, not much more than the amount lost to the exchequer by the under-valuation of the recent sale of Royal Mail.
Calum Duncan, of the Marine Conservation Society, said: "Ten billion pounds is a large figure, but potentially even then a major under-valuation.
The RUC is dominated by specialists, with as few as 7percentt of its voting members representing primary care, resulting in the over-valuation of specialty procedures and the under-valuation of procedures geared toward primary care.
The items that were over-valued and under-valued were similar in both groups, with only slight differences in the extent of over and under-valuation.
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