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Comparative studies of drainage and leaching under tillage systems in irrigated tropical and sub-tropical Vertisols are sparse.
Soil microbial properties are considered important indicators for assessing and comparing soil quality and degradation under tillage systems due to their early responses to environmental changes.
This character is close related to increased efficiency and competitiveness in germination and early growth in open, heavily disturbed soils and with deeper burial of seeds, which is expected under tillage [62], [63].
The pressure of this overconsumption of animal foods on water and land use is intense, with 70% of all land under tillage used to feed livestock, which can have as high as a 21 1 ratio of vegetable input to meat output.
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The fraction of sediment lost as silt + clay versus sand was greater under conventional tillage than under strip tillage.
Except in a few cases, soil microbial respiration, biomass and activity were higher under zero tillage than under reduced tillage, both at planting and harvest sampling times.
In contrast, it was lower in 5 25 cm under no tillage and 25 40 cm under mulch tillage and no tillage than under conventional tillage.
Boddey et al. [12] indicate that vetch under no tillage may increase SOC stocks under NT (0 100 cm) at a rate between 0.48 and 1.53 Mg C ha−1 per year [42].
Half of the field was under conventional tillage (CT), while the rest was under minimum tillage (MT) management.
In 0 5 cm soil depth the carbon content of the micro-aggregates within macro-aggregates was higher under reduced tillage treatments, indicating accelerated macro-aggregate turnover under conventional tillage.
Sediment lost as silt + clay was from 58 to 78% of the total under conventional and from 30 to 39% under strip tillage.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com