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America, one might fairly say, had two foundings: the first under the Enlightenment guidance of its rich intellectual founders, and a second with the popular, evangelical Second Great Awakening, which flamed a quarter century afterward.
Such is the rarefied judgment of a critic, which, under the enlightenment model, is the very commodity justifying their existence.
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Much other scientific weight is being added to counter the "hegemony of reason" that we've lived under since the Enlightenment.
Historical criticism of the Bible, which was independent of the moral and edifying evaluation of the Holy Scriptures, emerged under the influence of the Enlightenment and remained an important approach in Bible studies in the 19th and 20th centuries.
And so the timeless art of self-pleasure cruised under the radar until the Enlightenment era.
By the time of the American Revolution, the colonies, under the influence of the Enlightenment, had stopped using the criminal law to prosecute most forms of consensual sex -- except for the crime of sodomy, which remained a capital offense.
Is the birthplace of the Enlightenment foundering under a dangerous multiculturalism?
They insist noisily that the values of the Enlightenment are under threat as never before from the forces of unreason.
This asserted relationship between natural scientific knowledge and the political and moral order is under great stress already in the Enlightenment.
But some of Reason's combatants -- as if reading from the postmodernist strategy book -- are also challenging the heritage of the West, arguing that it, too, has been riddled with absolutist faith, that the reasoned achievements of the Enlightenment are still under threat and that a new understanding of the past must take shape, in which Reason's martyrdom and trials take center stage.
The religious orders, the essential medium of papal influence in the church, were under attack by the protagonists of the Enlightenment.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com