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Tests directed against both I(1) to I 0) and I 0) to I(1) persistence change series are considered, together with tests where the direction of change under the alternative is unspecified.
The null hypothesis of interest is (H_{0}:psi _{f}=0), so that the model under the null is still a random walk signal plus white noise, while the signal under the alternative is an Ima 1, 1) with moving average coefficient ( psi _{f}).
The null hypothesis of interest is (H_{0}:psi _{f}=0), so that the model under the null is a univariate Ar(1) white noise process, while the signal under the alternative is an Arma 1, 1) instead with moving average coefficient (psi _{f}).
As before, the null hypothesis of interest remains (H_{0}:psi _{x}=0), so that the model under the null is simply a random walk signal plus white noise, while the signal under the alternative is an Ari 1, 1) with autoregressive coefficient (psi _{x}).
The null hypothesis of interest is (H_{0}:delta _{x}=0), so that the model under the null is still a random walk signal plus white noise, while the signal under the alternative is an Ari 2, 1) with second autoregressive coefficient (delta _{x}).
The null hypothesis of interest is (H_{0}:delta _{f}=0), so that the model under the null is still a random walk signal plus white noise, while the signal under the alternative is an Ima 1, 2) with second moving average coefficient (delta _{f}).
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Under a new state law, the alternative is to spend $315 million this fiscal year to house thousands of inmates in private prisons and county jails.
The alternative is war under the banner of heaven, as both Breivik and his hated Islamists advocate.
Unless otherwise specified, the value of r2 under the alternative was set to 1.0 to produce a perfect association between the two sites.
The three nominally statistically significant associations (p = 0.009, 0.039 and 0.028) had Bayes factors of 0.15, 0.43, and 0.30, respectively, when the genetic effect under the alternative was assumed to have an average value in the negative direction of -0.01, -0.01, and -0.02 respectively (the magnitude of the effects estimates that were observed).
Under independence all the alternatives are second best.
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