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Comparably shadier conditions than that of forest degraded by logging and about four decades of limited human interference may explain the reappearance of such species under regrowth forest.
The density of these species under regrowth forest and forest degraded by logging was higher than under old-growth forest, perhaps reflecting the more open canopies in the former forest-use types.
The highest number of the medicinal plant species (55) occurred in old-growth forest, 40 species grew in forest degraded by logging, and 49 species grew under regrowth forest.
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They also highlight that while local water yields often decline under young regrowth forests, yields change and may recover as the vegetation matures, though this trend is beyond most short-term studies (Filoso et al. 2017).
In our study, higher medicinal plant density and diversity were related to higher tree diversity under forest regrowth.
The mean Shannon evenness of medicinal plants under both regrowth forest (0.84) and forest degraded by logging (0.80) was significantly higher than in old-growth forest (0.77).
Figure 4b exhibits the SEM image of the NWs after regrowth under the same second-step growth conditions.
Moreover, the silicone port poses a further impediment that is not seen with our technique, namely dura regrowth under the silicone plug, which inhibits access for injections.
The latter trait may depend on the plant's ability to accumulate assimilates in the root for further regrowth under moisture-favorable conditions and to survive across stress periods by various physiological mechanisms under unfavorable conditions [ 25].
Development of resistance was also evaluate in the model, but as a few tumour regrowth under treatment were observed, data did not contain enough information to support the estimation of a treatment resistance.
Medicinal plants under forest degraded by logging and regrowth forest were more evenly distributed than those under old-growth forest.
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