Error analysis showed that lighting electricity use had the smallest errors, from 0.2% under-estimation to 3.6% over-estimation, with the coefficient of variation of the root mean square error ranging from 3%to5.6%6%.
As such, these edge effects present equal opportunity for over- or under-estimations to arise, depending on the tree trunk geographic location in relation to the plot boundary line.
Publication bias may suggest over-estimated effects because small (under-powered) studies with non-significant results may be less likely to be published [ 28- 31], or to under-estimation due to industry suppressing adverse findings (although the latter seems unlikely in this case).
Surveys of this subject are vulnerable to over- or under-estimation due to insufficient explanation of concepts and question choice which makes one answer more likely than others, meaning that their findings should not necessarily be accepted uncritically.
Conversely, an increasing quantity of evidence suggests that so-called LR-HPV genotypes particularly HPV6 and 11 contribute to a larger proportion than expected based on cervical cancer data sets 25 31 49 60 61 and present data collection methods probably lead to under-estimation of their contribution to anal cancer rates.
The generous dimensions of this VOI ensure that all counts related to striatal binding are captured, including those detected outside the anatomical boundary, thus averting under-estimations due to partial volume losses.
The magnitude of this difference, of the order of 96% (Table 3), is a clear indication of how partial volume losses outweigh by far the 47% under-estimation related to attenuation and scatter/septal penetration (Table 2).
The under-estimation due to un-diagnosed diabetes or latent diabetes should be minimal.
Furthermore, the use of A2 rather than the currently circulating strain in the assay procedure could have led to an under-estimation of seroconversion due to poor cross-reactivity [4].
There may be biases due to under-estimation of orphan prevalence due to foster parents being misreported as biological parents (Robertson et al., 2008; Timaeus, 1991).
An uncorrected estimation of the incidence as the ratio between the annual number of IS cases reported through the ESPED network and the number of children at risk (provided by the "Statistisches Bundesamt, the German Federal Office for Statistics, for 2006" [ 12]) might lead to under-estimation of IS incidence due to under-reporting of cases.
