"The root cause of the under-representation of disadvantaged pupils is under-achievement at school and poor advice on the best choices of A-level subjects and university degree courses," she said.
Under such disadvantaged conditions, the health risks arising from living in disadvantaged urban areas rival or exceed those of rural areas, despite the generally easier access of urban residents to modern health services (African Population and Health Research Center 2002; Timæus and Lush 1995), thereby outweighing the advantages of living in urban areas (Rakodi 1997).
Their demise would impact disproportionately on under-represented and disadvantaged student groups.
The law requires universities that intend to charge more than the basic £6,000 annual graduate contribution have to satisfy the independent director on what more they will do to attract students from under-represented and disadvantaged groups.
There are already worries about the under-representation of disadvantaged groups at the top universities, and the researchers say the admissions system schedule creates another bias against poorer groups.
"But ultimately I've got to know him really well, he's not only a real artist of a spin bowler, but he's been a very generous contributor to our programme for young people and for under-13s from disadvantaged backgrounds.
In my experience under-resourced, systematically disadvantaged individuals and groups have more compelling claims on our sympathies than the elite.
The club accepts charitable donations from fans, sponsors and other donors and matches all donations before using the funds to supply free season tickets to under-privileged and disadvantaged children from Dundee and the surrounding area.
The study sample was drawn from the electoral roll in the local government area of Brisbane, using a method which has been previously shown to under-represent socially disadvantaged individuals [ 41, 42].
Although the use of one large hospital is a potential limitation of our work, as almost 99% of Irish births occur in Irish maternity hospitals, hospital based sampling does provide almost complete coverage of recent live births in Ireland including under-served or disadvantaged groups, thus potentially allowing health disparities to be addressed.
